| Single frond. Oxfordshire, early June |
 | Lowest pinna. Isles of Scilly, late June |
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| Pinna from mid stem. Isles of Scilly, late June |
 | Pinnules. Oxfordshire, early June |
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| Pinna with ripe indusia. S E London, late August |
 | Pinnules with ripe indusia. S E London, late August |
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| Pinnulets with ripe indusia. S E London, late August |
 | Close-up of indusia. S E London, late August |
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| Young plants on the floor of an abandoned chapel; with Asplenium scolopendrium. Cornwall, September |
 | Young plants on the floor of an abandoned chapel; with Asplenium scolopendrium. Cornwall, September |
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| Crozier. Oxfordshire, early June |
 | Crozier starting to unfurl. Oxfordshire, early June |
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| Crozier starting to unfurl. Oxfordshire, early June |
 | Crozier unfurling. Oxfordshire, early June |
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| Frond unfurling. Isles of Scilly, late June |
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Tip of unfurling frond. Isles of Scilly, late June |
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| Isles of Scilly, late June. |
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City fern. Central London, September |
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| Cumbria, early July |
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The paler line marks a spring line where the ferns are less well developed. Cumbria, late July |
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